RESUMO
BACKGROUND: In human skin, miRNAs have important regulatory roles and are involved in the development, morphogenesis, and maintenance by influencing cell proliferation, differentiation, immune regulation, and wound healing. MiRNAs have been investigated for many years in various skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, as well as malignant tumors. Only during recent times, cosmeceutical use of molecules/natural active ingredients to regulate miRNA expression for significant advances in skin health/care product development was recognized. AIM: To review miRNAs with the potential to maintain and boost skin health and avoid premature aging by improving barrier function, preventing photoaging, hyperpigmentation, and chronological aging/senescence. METHODS: Most of the cited articles were found through literature search on PubMed. The main search criteria was a keyword "skin" in combination with the following words: miRNA, photoaging, UV, barrier, aging, exposome, acne, wound healing, pigmentation, pollution, and senescence. Most of the articles reviewed for relevancy were published during the past 10 years. RESULTS: All results are summarized in Figure 1, and they are based on cited references. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, regulating miRNAs expression is a promising approach for novel therapy not only for targeting skin diseases but also for cosmeceutical interventions aiming to boost skin health.
RESUMO
Biotransformation of chemicals by the skin is a critical determinant of systemic exposure in humans following dermal absorption. Pig ear skin potentially represents a valuable alternative model since it closely resembles to human skin. We developed an ex vivo pig ear skin system which absorption, diffusion and metabolic capabilities were investigated using benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] as a model molecule. The potential of the ex vivo pig ear skin model to biotransform xenobiotics was compared with metabolic data obtained using dermal and hepatic microsomes from human and pig. (14)C-B(a)P [50-800 nmol] was applied on the surface of skin models. The diffusion and the production of B(a)P metabolites were quantified by radio-HPLC, LC-MS/MS and NMR. B(a)P was extensively metabolized by pig ear skin explants, the major metabolites being B(a)P-glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. B(a)P-OHs, B(a)P-diols, B(a)P-catechols and B(a)P-diones were also identified. In the pig ear skin model developed, skin diffusion was maintained over 72 h and both phase I and phase II activities were expressed, with the formation of similar metabolites as produced in incubations with liver and skin microsomal fractions. This ex vivo model, which combines a functional skin barrier and active biotransformation capabilities, appears to represent a valuable alternative tool in transdermal exposure studies.
Assuntos
Benzo(a)pireno/farmacocinética , Carcinógenos/farmacocinética , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Administração Cutânea , Animais , Biotransformação , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Orelha Externa , Feminino , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Absorção Cutânea/efeitos dos fármacos , Absorção Cutânea/fisiologia , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Suínos , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The p53 protein accumulates in human skin cells in vitro and in vivo when UV-irradiated. The transient stability of p53 requires a decrease in the activity of the ubiquitin ligase murine double minute 2 (Mdm2). Solar light irradiation (52.5, 105 and 405 mJ/cm2) of reconstructed human epidermis caused cutaneous damage. Specifically, UV-B induced the formation of sunburn cells and at first, an increase in the accumulation of p53 protein. Unexpectedly, 24 h after irradiation, a specific proteolytic cleavage of p53 resulted in the formation of a 40 kDa fragment. Both the accumulation of p53 and the proteolytic cleavage increased, commensurate with the UV dose. In contrast to p53, the level of expression of Mdm2 decreased drastically with the UV dose. It is important to note that calpastatin (20 microM), a specific inhibitor of calpains, decreased the formation of sunburn cells, inhibited the cleavage of p53 and induced an accumulation of Mdm2. The apoptotic process is strongly repressed. This demonstrates for the first time that calpains can participate in the down-regulation of Mdm2 in the epidermis very rapidly after UV irradiation, and that they contribute to a specific cleavage of p53 protein. All of these processes may be involved in the apoptotic response of the skin to UV stimulation.